{"id":3137,"date":"2026-04-14T10:07:47","date_gmt":"2026-04-14T10:07:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/astravon.com\/?p=3137"},"modified":"2026-06-17T13:06:01","modified_gmt":"2026-06-17T11:06:01","slug":"star-tracker-optical-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/staging.astravon.com\/staging\/resources\/star-tracker-optical-design\/","title":{"rendered":"Star Tracker Optical Design for Spaceborne Attitude Determination"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.kb-row-layout-id3137_230bbc-91 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id3137_230bbc-91 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id3137_230bbc-91 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3137_230bbc-91 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3137_230bbc-91 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:80px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:80px;padding-left:20px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id3137_230bbc-91 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:40px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:40px;padding-left:0px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id3137_230bbc-91 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column3137_3cc51c-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3137_3cc51c-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3137_3cc51c-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3137_3cc51c-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3137_3cc51c-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3137_3cc51c-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3137_3cc51c-cd{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3137_3cc51c-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-right:0px;padding-left:0px;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3137_3cc51c-cd, .kt-inside-inner-col > .kadence-column3137_3cc51c-cd:not(.specificity){margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3137_3cc51c-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-right:0px;padding-left:0px;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column3137_3cc51c-cd, .kt-inside-inner-col > .kadence-column3137_3cc51c-cd:not(.specificity){margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3137_3cc51c-cd inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_a46584-77, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_a46584-77[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_a46584-77\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_a46584-77 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_a46584-77[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_a46584-77\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_a46584-77 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_a46584-77[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_a46584-77\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_a46584-77 has--font-size wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_a46584-77\">Star Tracker Optical Design for Spaceborne Attitude Determination<\/h2>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_5b5e23-d3, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_5b5e23-d3[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_5b5e23-d3\"]{padding-right:0px;padding-left:0px;font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_5b5e23-d3 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_5b5e23-d3[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_5b5e23-d3\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_5b5e23-d3 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_5b5e23-d3[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_5b5e23-d3\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_5b5e23-d3, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_5b5e23-d3[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_5b5e23-d3\"]{text-align:left!important;}}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_5b5e23-d3 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_5b5e23-d3\">Spacecraft attitude accuracy is not determined by nominal optical performance alone.<br>Instead, it is defined by how that performance behaves under thermal gradients, structural deformation, launch environments , and long-term orbital exposure.<br><br>Therefore, star tracker optical design requires more than just imaging capability. It demands predictive modelling, quantified stability, and verifiable performance margins across the entire mission envelope mission envelope.<br><br>This article outlines evidence-driven approaches to <strong>star tracker optics<\/strong>, including system architectures, key optical performance drivers, and a validated wide-spectrum lens configuration designed for spaceborne applications<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-image3137_f416a1-23 .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}<\/style>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image3137_f416a1-23\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2400\" height=\"1256\" src=\"https:\/\/staging.astravon.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Star-Tracker-Optical-Design-for-Spaceborne-Attitude-Systems-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-3142\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/staging.astravon.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Star-Tracker-Optical-Design-for-Spaceborne-Attitude-Systems-2.jpg 2400w, https:\/\/staging.astravon.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Star-Tracker-Optical-Design-for-Spaceborne-Attitude-Systems-2-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/staging.astravon.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Star-Tracker-Optical-Design-for-Spaceborne-Attitude-Systems-2-1024x536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/staging.astravon.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Star-Tracker-Optical-Design-for-Spaceborne-Attitude-Systems-2-768x402.jpg 768w, https:\/\/staging.astravon.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Star-Tracker-Optical-Design-for-Spaceborne-Attitude-Systems-2-1536x804.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/staging.astravon.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Star-Tracker-Optical-Design-for-Spaceborne-Attitude-Systems-2-2048x1072.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2400px) 100vw, 2400px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column3137_f76a01-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);}.kadence-column3137_f76a01-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3137_f76a01-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3137_f76a01-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3137_f76a01-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3137_f76a01-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3137_f76a01-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{background-color:#f0f0f0;}.kadence-column3137_f76a01-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3137_f76a01-a9{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3137_f76a01-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3137_f76a01-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-right:0px;padding-left:0px;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column3137_f76a01-a9, .kt-inside-inner-col > .kadence-column3137_f76a01-a9:not(.specificity){margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3137_f76a01-a9 inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-id3137_386708-70 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id3137_386708-70 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id3137_386708-70 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:20px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3137_386708-70 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3137_386708-70 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id3137_386708-70 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:15px;padding-right:10px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:10px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id3137_386708-70 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column3137_d2af9f-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3137_d2af9f-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3137_d2af9f-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3137_d2af9f-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3137_d2af9f-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3137_d2af9f-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3137_d2af9f-7f{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3137_d2af9f-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3137_d2af9f-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-right:0px;padding-left:0px;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column3137_d2af9f-7f, .kt-inside-inner-col > .kadence-column3137_d2af9f-7f:not(.specificity){margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3137_d2af9f-7f inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_9d2407-64, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_9d2407-64[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_9d2407-64\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_9d2407-64 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_9d2407-64[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_9d2407-64\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_9d2407-64 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_9d2407-64[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_9d2407-64\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_9d2407-64 has--font-size wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_9d2407-64\">Optical System Architectures for Star Tracker Optics<\/h2>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_80c790-ba, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_80c790-ba[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_80c790-ba\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_80c790-ba mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_80c790-ba[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_80c790-ba\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_80c790-ba img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_80c790-ba[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_80c790-ba\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_80c790-ba, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_80c790-ba[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_80c790-ba\"]{text-align:left!important;}}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_80c790-ba wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_80c790-ba\">Star tracker optical systems are typically implemented using one of three principal optical architectures. The optimal selection depends on spectral range, mass constraints, radiation environment, and long-term stability requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_94da37-99, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_94da37-99[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_94da37-99\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_94da37-99 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_94da37-99[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_94da37-99\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_94da37-99 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_94da37-99[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_94da37-99\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_94da37-99 has--font-size wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_94da37-99\">Reflective Optical Systems<\/h3>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_46755b-bc, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_46755b-bc[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_46755b-bc\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_46755b-bc mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_46755b-bc[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_46755b-bc\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_46755b-bc img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_46755b-bc[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_46755b-bc\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_46755b-bc, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_46755b-bc[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_46755b-bc\"]{text-align:left!important;}}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_46755b-bc wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_46755b-bc\">Reflective systems utilise mirrors to form images and are inherently free from chromatic aberration. They are exceptionally well-suited to broadband applications and radiation-intensive environments. However, they can introduce mechanical complexity and alignment sensitivity, necessitating robust structural support.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_c21742-19, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_c21742-19[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_c21742-19\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_c21742-19 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_c21742-19[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_c21742-19\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_c21742-19 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_c21742-19[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_c21742-19\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_c21742-19 has--font-size wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_c21742-19\">Catadioptric Systems<\/h3>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_130b7c-99, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_130b7c-99[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_130b7c-99\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_130b7c-99 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_130b7c-99[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_130b7c-99\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_130b7c-99 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_130b7c-99[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_130b7c-99\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_130b7c-99, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_130b7c-99[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_130b7c-99\"]{text-align:left!important;}}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_130b7c-99 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_130b7c-99\">Catadioptric designs combine refractive and reflective elements, balancing chromatic correction with compact form factors. These systems provide structural efficiency and environmental robustness when properly integrated.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_a3a28f-5d, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_a3a28f-5d[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_a3a28f-5d\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_a3a28f-5d mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_a3a28f-5d[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_a3a28f-5d\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_a3a28f-5d img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_a3a28f-5d[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_a3a28f-5d\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_a3a28f-5d has--font-size wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_a3a28f-5d\">Transmissive Lens Systems<\/h3>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_418b4f-d5, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_418b4f-d5[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_418b4f-d5\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_418b4f-d5 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_418b4f-d5[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_418b4f-d5\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_418b4f-d5 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_418b4f-d5[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_418b4f-d5\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_418b4f-d5, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_418b4f-d5[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_418b4f-d5\"]{text-align:left!important;}}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_418b4f-d5 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_418b4f-d5\">Transmissive star tracker optics rely exclusively on refractive elements. They are particularly effective for wide field-of-view (FoV) designs and high relative apertures, especially in micro- and nano-satellite platforms where mass and volume are severely constrained.<br><br>Ultimately, each architecture must be evaluated not by theoretical performance alone, but also by predicted behaviour under mission-specific structural and thermal conditions.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column3137_6058c5-0b > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3137_6058c5-0b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3137_6058c5-0b > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3137_6058c5-0b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3137_6058c5-0b > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3137_6058c5-0b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3137_6058c5-0b{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3137_6058c5-0b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3137_6058c5-0b > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-right:0px;padding-left:0px;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column3137_6058c5-0b, .kt-inside-inner-col > .kadence-column3137_6058c5-0b:not(.specificity){margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3137_6058c5-0b\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-id3137_581256-49 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id3137_581256-49 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id3137_581256-49 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:20px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3137_581256-49 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3137_581256-49 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id3137_581256-49 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:15px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:0px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id3137_581256-49 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column3137_4e19a2-85 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3137_4e19a2-85 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3137_4e19a2-85 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3137_4e19a2-85 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3137_4e19a2-85 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3137_4e19a2-85 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3137_4e19a2-85{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3137_4e19a2-85 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3137_4e19a2-85 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-right:0px;padding-left:0px;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column3137_4e19a2-85, .kt-inside-inner-col > .kadence-column3137_4e19a2-85:not(.specificity){margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3137_4e19a2-85 inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_985d25-44, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_985d25-44[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_985d25-44\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_985d25-44 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_985d25-44[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_985d25-44\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_985d25-44 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_985d25-44[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_985d25-44\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_985d25-44 has--font-size wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_985d25-44\">Performance Drivers in Star Tracker Optical Design<\/h2>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e0ea2b-f1, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e0ea2b-f1[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_e0ea2b-f1\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e0ea2b-f1 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e0ea2b-f1[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_e0ea2b-f1\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e0ea2b-f1 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e0ea2b-f1[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_e0ea2b-f1\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_e0ea2b-f1 has--font-size wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_e0ea2b-f1\">Optical Resolution &amp; Wavefront Control<\/h3>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e99c9e-fc, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e99c9e-fc[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_e99c9e-fc\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e99c9e-fc mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e99c9e-fc[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_e99c9e-fc\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e99c9e-fc img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e99c9e-fc[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_e99c9e-fc\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e99c9e-fc, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e99c9e-fc[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_e99c9e-fc\"]{text-align:left!important;}}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_e99c9e-fc wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_e99c9e-fc\">Accurate star centroid determination depends on controlled wavefront error and minimal distortion. Optical resolution must remain stable across operational temperature ranges and mechanical stress conditions.<br><br>Rather than relying solely on nominal Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) values, performance margins and sensitivity to manufacturing tolerances should be quantified.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_83cb35-61, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_83cb35-61[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_83cb35-61\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_83cb35-61 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_83cb35-61[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_83cb35-61\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_83cb35-61 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_83cb35-61[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_83cb35-61\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_83cb35-61 has--font-size wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_83cb35-61\">Field of View vs Attitude Robustness<\/h3>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_1e1c87-a2, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_1e1c87-a2[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_1e1c87-a2\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_1e1c87-a2 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_1e1c87-a2[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_1e1c87-a2\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_1e1c87-a2 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_1e1c87-a2[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_1e1c87-a2\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_1e1c87-a2, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_1e1c87-a2[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_1e1c87-a2\"]{text-align:left!important;}}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_1e1c87-a2 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_1e1c87-a2\">Typical star tracker fields of view (FoV) range between 5\u00b0 and 20\u00b0, depending on mission objectives. Wider FoV enables increased star acquisition robustness but introduces additional challenges in distortion control and telecentric stability, which can degrade centroiding accuracy if not properly compensated.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_faae3e-66, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_faae3e-66[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_faae3e-66\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_faae3e-66 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_faae3e-66[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_faae3e-66\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_faae3e-66 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_faae3e-66[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_faae3e-66\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_faae3e-66 has--font-size wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_faae3e-66\">Aperture &amp; Signal-to-Noise Optimisation<\/h3>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3cb3f7-cb, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3cb3f7-cb[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3cb3f7-cb\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3cb3f7-cb mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3cb3f7-cb[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3cb3f7-cb\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3cb3f7-cb img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3cb3f7-cb[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3cb3f7-cb\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3cb3f7-cb, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3cb3f7-cb[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3cb3f7-cb\"]{text-align:left!important;}}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_3cb3f7-cb wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3cb3f7-cb\">Stars are low-intensity sources. A large aperture (low f-number) improves photon collection efficiency and enhances signal-to-noise ratio, particularly when paired with high-sensitivity detectors.<br><br>However, increasing aperture also increases thermal and alignment sensitivity. Design decisions must therefore balance optical throughput with structural stability.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_2b247e-a7, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_2b247e-a7[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_2b247e-a7\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_2b247e-a7 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_2b247e-a7[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_2b247e-a7\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_2b247e-a7 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_2b247e-a7[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_2b247e-a7\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_2b247e-a7 has--font-size wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_2b247e-a7\">Thermal Stability &amp; Passive Athermalisation<\/h3>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_b4c7ad-ec, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_b4c7ad-ec[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_b4c7ad-ec\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_b4c7ad-ec mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_b4c7ad-ec[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_b4c7ad-ec\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_b4c7ad-ec img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_b4c7ad-ec[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_b4c7ad-ec\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_b4c7ad-ec, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_b4c7ad-ec[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_b4c7ad-ec\"]{text-align:left!important;}}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_b4c7ad-ec wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_b4c7ad-ec\">Thermal gradients are among the dominant error sources in star tracker optics. Material selection, mount design, and optical power distribution must be configured to minimise focus drift and distortion.<br><br>Passive athermalisation strategies allow optical systems to maintain performance without active compensation, thereby improving reliability.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_ddac91-4a, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_ddac91-4a[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_ddac91-4a\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_ddac91-4a mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_ddac91-4a[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_ddac91-4a\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_ddac91-4a img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_ddac91-4a[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_ddac91-4a\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_ddac91-4a has--font-size wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_ddac91-4a\">Mechanical &amp; Alignment Integrity<\/h3>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_845fb7-f3, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_845fb7-f3[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_845fb7-f3\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_845fb7-f3 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_845fb7-f3[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_845fb7-f3\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_845fb7-f3 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_845fb7-f3[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_845fb7-f3\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_845fb7-f3, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_845fb7-f3[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_845fb7-f3\"]{text-align:left!important;}}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_845fb7-f3 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_845fb7-f3\">Launch loads, vibration, and gravity release effects can permanently alter optical alignment. Mechanical architecture must preserve optical axis stability and centricity across the mission lifecycle.<br><br>In high-precision attitude determination systems, optical design cannot be separated from structural behaviour. It is inherently a coupled problem.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column3137_befc46-74 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);}.kadence-column3137_befc46-74 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3137_befc46-74 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3137_befc46-74 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3137_befc46-74 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3137_befc46-74 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3137_befc46-74 > .kt-inside-inner-col{background-color:#f0f0f0;}.kadence-column3137_befc46-74 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3137_befc46-74{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3137_befc46-74 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3137_befc46-74 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-right:0px;padding-left:0px;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column3137_befc46-74, .kt-inside-inner-col > .kadence-column3137_befc46-74:not(.specificity){margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3137_befc46-74 inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-id3137_476573-f9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id3137_476573-f9 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id3137_476573-f9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:20px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3137_476573-f9 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3137_476573-f9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id3137_476573-f9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:15px;padding-right:10px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:10px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id3137_476573-f9 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column3137_6141cd-65 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3137_6141cd-65 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3137_6141cd-65 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3137_6141cd-65 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3137_6141cd-65 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3137_6141cd-65 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3137_6141cd-65{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3137_6141cd-65 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3137_6141cd-65 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-right:0px;padding-left:0px;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column3137_6141cd-65, .kt-inside-inner-col > .kadence-column3137_6141cd-65:not(.specificity){margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3137_6141cd-65 inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_fd3447-da, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_fd3447-da[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_fd3447-da\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_fd3447-da mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_fd3447-da[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_fd3447-da\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_fd3447-da img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_fd3447-da[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_fd3447-da\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_fd3447-da has--font-size wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_fd3447-da\">Evidence-Based Wide-Spectrum Star Tracker Lens Configuration<\/h2>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3c9fcc-2e, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3c9fcc-2e[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3c9fcc-2e\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3c9fcc-2e mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3c9fcc-2e[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3c9fcc-2e\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3c9fcc-2e img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3c9fcc-2e[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3c9fcc-2e\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3c9fcc-2e, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3c9fcc-2e[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3c9fcc-2e\"]{text-align:left!important;}}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_3c9fcc-2e wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3c9fcc-2e\">The following configuration illustrates a compact, lightweight star tracker optical system engineered for broadband space applications.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-image3137_8cf869-79 .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}<\/style>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image3137_8cf869-79\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2400\" height=\"1256\" src=\"https:\/\/staging.astravon.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Star-Tracker-Optical-Design-for-Spaceborne-Attitude-Systems-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-3152\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/staging.astravon.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Star-Tracker-Optical-Design-for-Spaceborne-Attitude-Systems-3.jpg 2400w, https:\/\/staging.astravon.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Star-Tracker-Optical-Design-for-Spaceborne-Attitude-Systems-3-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/staging.astravon.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Star-Tracker-Optical-Design-for-Spaceborne-Attitude-Systems-3-1024x536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/staging.astravon.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Star-Tracker-Optical-Design-for-Spaceborne-Attitude-Systems-3-768x402.jpg 768w, https:\/\/staging.astravon.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Star-Tracker-Optical-Design-for-Spaceborne-Attitude-Systems-3-1536x804.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/staging.astravon.com\/staging\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Star-Tracker-Optical-Design-for-Spaceborne-Attitude-Systems-3-2048x1072.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2400px) 100vw, 2400px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_5d0152-85, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_5d0152-85[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_5d0152-85\"]{text-align:center;font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_5d0152-85 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_5d0152-85[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_5d0152-85\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_5d0152-85 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_5d0152-85[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_5d0152-85\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_5d0152-85, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_5d0152-85[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_5d0152-85\"]{text-align:left!important;}}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_5d0152-85 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_5d0152-85\"><strong>Star Tracker Lens<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_5e5385-a7, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_5e5385-a7[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_5e5385-a7\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_5e5385-a7 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_5e5385-a7[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_5e5385-a7\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_5e5385-a7 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_5e5385-a7[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_5e5385-a7\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_5e5385-a7 has--font-size wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_5e5385-a7\">Optical Parameters<\/h3>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container3137_95de29-b3{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table3137_95de29-b3 th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table3137_95de29-b3 caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table3137_95de29-b3 td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}.kb-table-container .kb-table3137_95de29-b3 td, .kb-table3137_95de29-b3 th{border-top:1px solid var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);border-right:1px solid var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);border-bottom:1px solid var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);border-left:1px solid var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-table-container .kb-table3137_95de29-b3 td, .kb-table3137_95de29-b3 th{border-top:1px solid var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);border-right:1px solid var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);border-bottom:1px solid var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);border-left:1px solid var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-table-container .kb-table3137_95de29-b3 td, .kb-table3137_95de29-b3 th{border-top:1px solid var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);border-right:1px solid var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);border-bottom:1px solid var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);border-left:1px solid var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container3137_95de29-b3 wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table3137_95de29-b3\">\n<style>.kb-table-container .kb-table tr.kb-table-row3137_1d4b27-4e{background-color:var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);}<\/style><tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row3137_1d4b27-4e\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data3137_d09567-bf\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Parameter<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data3137_0e923b-c4\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Value<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row3137_d91178-43\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data3137_a55294-ef\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Effective Focal Length<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data3137_d0f17c-53\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">40 mm<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row3137_bdd5d7-25\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data3137_61d833-1f\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Field of View<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data3137_06cf91-fa\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">26.4\u00b0<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row3137_b4e338-0f\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data3137_3397f5-4f\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aperture<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data3137_7a198a-b5\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">f\/2.8<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row3137_4bca27-f8\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data3137_89fac7-a0\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Spectral Range<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data3137_2b357f-4c\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">450 -1000 nm<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row3137_7e9203-95\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data3137_9dcc23-40\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Distortion<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data3137_4065ca-d5\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&lt;0.05%<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row3137_0f7c3f-bf\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data3137_6c2b66-1d\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Operational Temperature<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data3137_4727ca-94\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u221240\u00b0C to +60\u00b0C<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row3137_877ab6-2b\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data3137_00a007-27\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Detector Compatibility<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data3137_72dbdc-0e\">\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2048 \u00d7 2048, 6.5 \u03bcm pixel pitch<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_019f58-68, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_019f58-68[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_019f58-68\"]{text-align:none;font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_019f58-68 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_019f58-68[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_019f58-68\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_019f58-68 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_019f58-68[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_019f58-68\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_019f58-68[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_019f58-68\"] a, .kt-adv-heading-link3137_019f58-68, .kt-adv-heading-link3137_019f58-68 .kt-adv-heading3137_019f58-68[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_019f58-68\"]{color:var(--global-palette1, #3182CE);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_019f58-68[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_019f58-68\"] a:hover, .kt-adv-heading-link3137_019f58-68:hover, .kt-adv-heading-link3137_019f58-68:hover .kt-adv-heading3137_019f58-68[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_019f58-68\"]{color:var(--global-palette2, #2B6CB0);}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_019f58-68 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_019f58-68\"><br>The aperture stop is positioned at the front surface, reducing lens diameter and overall system volume. Excluding the radiation-protective window, the optical assembly consists of eight elements with a total mass of 22 grams.<br><br>The total optical track length is 48 mm, with a back focal distance of 10 mm, supporting compact sensor integration.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column3137_76a132-5f > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3137_76a132-5f > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3137_76a132-5f > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3137_76a132-5f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3137_76a132-5f > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3137_76a132-5f > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3137_76a132-5f{text-align:left;}.kadence-column3137_76a132-5f{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3137_76a132-5f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3137_76a132-5f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3137_76a132-5f kb-section-dir-vertical inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-id3137_7a67e0-1f > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id3137_7a67e0-1f > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id3137_7a67e0-1f > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3137_7a67e0-1f > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3137_7a67e0-1f > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id3137_7a67e0-1f > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id3137_7a67e0-1f alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column3137_bef3e6-b9 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3137_bef3e6-b9 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3137_bef3e6-b9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3137_bef3e6-b9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3137_bef3e6-b9 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3137_bef3e6-b9 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3137_bef3e6-b9{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3137_bef3e6-b9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3137_bef3e6-b9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3137_bef3e6-b9\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_79078d-0e, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_79078d-0e[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_79078d-0e\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_79078d-0e mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_79078d-0e[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_79078d-0e\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_79078d-0e img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_79078d-0e[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_79078d-0e\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_79078d-0e has--font-size wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_79078d-0e\">Telecentric Stability &amp; Structural Robustness<\/h2>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3e152e-d6, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3e152e-d6[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3e152e-d6\"]{max-width:830px;text-align:left;font-style:normal;color:#333333;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3e152e-d6 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3e152e-d6[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3e152e-d6\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3e152e-d6 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3e152e-d6[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3e152e-d6\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3e152e-d6, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3e152e-d6[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3e152e-d6\"]{text-align:left!important;}}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_3e152e-d6 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3e152e-d6\">The optical system maintains telecentricity within 0.5\u00b0 across the full field of view. This ensures uniform illumination across the detector surface and reduces sensitivity to mechanical shock during launch.<br><br>The front and middle lens groups adopt a low optical power distribution similar to a low-magnification Galilean configuration. Standard radiation-tolerant glass types are selected to correct chromatic aberration while maintaining manufacturability and environmental resilience.<br><br>Design emphasis is placed on reproducible alignment and structural integrity rather than purely theoretical optimisation.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column3137_1eb2ee-c9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);}.kadence-column3137_1eb2ee-c9 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3137_1eb2ee-c9 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3137_1eb2ee-c9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3137_1eb2ee-c9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3137_1eb2ee-c9 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3137_1eb2ee-c9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{background-color:#f0f0f0;}.kadence-column3137_1eb2ee-c9 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3137_1eb2ee-c9{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3137_1eb2ee-c9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3137_1eb2ee-c9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-right:0px;padding-left:0px;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column3137_1eb2ee-c9, .kt-inside-inner-col > .kadence-column3137_1eb2ee-c9:not(.specificity){margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3137_1eb2ee-c9 inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-id3137_77fd9d-af > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id3137_77fd9d-af > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id3137_77fd9d-af > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:20px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3137_77fd9d-af > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3137_77fd9d-af > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id3137_77fd9d-af > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:15px;padding-right:10px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:10px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id3137_77fd9d-af alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column3137_5e6fec-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3137_5e6fec-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3137_5e6fec-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3137_5e6fec-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3137_5e6fec-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3137_5e6fec-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3137_5e6fec-2b{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3137_5e6fec-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3137_5e6fec-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-right:0px;padding-left:0px;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column3137_5e6fec-2b, .kt-inside-inner-col > .kadence-column3137_5e6fec-2b:not(.specificity){margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3137_5e6fec-2b inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_54ec94-ee, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_54ec94-ee[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_54ec94-ee\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_54ec94-ee mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_54ec94-ee[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_54ec94-ee\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_54ec94-ee img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_54ec94-ee[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_54ec94-ee\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_54ec94-ee has--font-size wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_54ec94-ee\">MTF &amp; On-Orbit Optical Performance Prediction<\/h2>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_ad90a2-8e, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_ad90a2-8e[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_ad90a2-8e\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_ad90a2-8e mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_ad90a2-8e[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_ad90a2-8e\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_ad90a2-8e img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_ad90a2-8e[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_ad90a2-8e\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_ad90a2-8e, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_ad90a2-8e[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_ad90a2-8e\"]{text-align:left!important;}}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_ad90a2-8e wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_ad90a2-8e\">For a detector with a 6.5 \u03bcm pixel pitch (Nyquist frequency: 77 lp\/mm), the system achieves MTF values exceeding 0.46 at 77 lp\/mm across the full field at 20\u00b0C.<br><br>Thermal modelling confirms minimal degradation across the operational temperature range of \u221240\u00b0C to +60\u00b0C, validating the passive athermalisation approach.<br><br>Beyond isolated image quality metrics, star tracker optics must demonstrate:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Stability across mission lifetime<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Controlled sensitivity to alignment variation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Predictable performance under environmental stress<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3d3021-40, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3d3021-40[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3d3021-40\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3d3021-40 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3d3021-40[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3d3021-40\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3d3021-40 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3d3021-40[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3d3021-40\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3d3021-40, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3d3021-40[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3d3021-40\"]{text-align:left!important;}}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_3d3021-40 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3d3021-40\">Optical performance that cannot be predicted cannot be trusted.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column3137_870e1b-e4 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3137_870e1b-e4 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3137_870e1b-e4 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3137_870e1b-e4 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3137_870e1b-e4 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3137_870e1b-e4 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3137_870e1b-e4{text-align:left;}.kadence-column3137_870e1b-e4{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3137_870e1b-e4 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3137_870e1b-e4 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3137_870e1b-e4 kb-section-dir-vertical inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-id3137_324157-6d > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id3137_324157-6d > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id3137_324157-6d > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3137_324157-6d > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3137_324157-6d > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id3137_324157-6d > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id3137_324157-6d alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column3137_b159d6-26 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3137_b159d6-26 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3137_b159d6-26 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3137_b159d6-26 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3137_b159d6-26 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3137_b159d6-26 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3137_b159d6-26{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3137_b159d6-26 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3137_b159d6-26 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3137_b159d6-26\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<h2 id=\"h-manufacturing-amp-reproducibility\" class=\"wp-block-heading has--font-size\">Manufacturing &amp; Reproducibility<\/h2>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_9a3c13-8b, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_9a3c13-8b[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_9a3c13-8b\"]{max-width:830px;text-align:left;font-style:normal;color:#333333;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_9a3c13-8b mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_9a3c13-8b[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_9a3c13-8b\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_9a3c13-8b img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_9a3c13-8b[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_9a3c13-8b\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_9a3c13-8b, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_9a3c13-8b[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_9a3c13-8b\"]{text-align:left!important;}}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_9a3c13-8b wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_9a3c13-8b\">As an optical manufacturer, Astravon designs star tracker optics with manufacturability and repeatability as primary constraints.<br><br>Material selection, tolerance definition, and assembly processes are aligned with:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Radiation endurance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thermal cycling stability<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vibration durability<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Long-term dimensional integrity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_10a87c-b6, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_10a87c-b6[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_10a87c-b6\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_10a87c-b6 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_10a87c-b6[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_10a87c-b6\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_10a87c-b6 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_10a87c-b6[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_10a87c-b6\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_10a87c-b6 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_10a87c-b6\">Evidence-driven engineering ensures that performance is not only achieved in simulation, but reproduced in hardware.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column3137_0e5976-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);}.kadence-column3137_0e5976-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3137_0e5976-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3137_0e5976-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3137_0e5976-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3137_0e5976-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3137_0e5976-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{background-color:#f0f0f0;}.kadence-column3137_0e5976-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3137_0e5976-d9{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3137_0e5976-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3137_0e5976-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-right:0px;padding-left:0px;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column3137_0e5976-d9, .kt-inside-inner-col > .kadence-column3137_0e5976-d9:not(.specificity){margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3137_0e5976-d9 inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-id3137_7d40ee-94 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id3137_7d40ee-94 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id3137_7d40ee-94 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:20px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3137_7d40ee-94 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3137_7d40ee-94 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id3137_7d40ee-94 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:15px;padding-right:10px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:10px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id3137_7d40ee-94 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column3137_07c59b-4f > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3137_07c59b-4f > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3137_07c59b-4f > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3137_07c59b-4f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3137_07c59b-4f > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3137_07c59b-4f > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3137_07c59b-4f{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3137_07c59b-4f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3137_07c59b-4f > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-right:0px;padding-left:0px;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column3137_07c59b-4f, .kt-inside-inner-col > .kadence-column3137_07c59b-4f:not(.specificity){margin-right:0px;margin-left:0px;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3137_07c59b-4f inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_ef7312-76, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_ef7312-76[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_ef7312-76\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_ef7312-76 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_ef7312-76[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_ef7312-76\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_ef7312-76 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_ef7312-76[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_ef7312-76\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_ef7312-76 has--font-size wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_ef7312-76\">Why Evidence Matters in Star Tracker Optics<\/h2>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3f9eef-2a, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3f9eef-2a[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3f9eef-2a\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3f9eef-2a mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3f9eef-2a[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3f9eef-2a\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3f9eef-2a img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3f9eef-2a[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3f9eef-2a\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3f9eef-2a, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_3f9eef-2a[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3f9eef-2a\"]{text-align:left!important;}}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_3f9eef-2a wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_3f9eef-2a\">In spacecraft attitude determination, assumptions introduce risk.<br><br>Reliable star tracker optical design is built on:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Quantified modelling<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Verified thermal behaviour<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Structural-optical consistency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reproducible manufacturing processes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_b49c85-ae, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_b49c85-ae[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_b49c85-ae\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_b49c85-ae mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_b49c85-ae[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_b49c85-ae\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_b49c85-ae img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_b49c85-ae[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_b49c85-ae\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_b49c85-ae, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_b49c85-ae[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_b49c85-ae\"]{text-align:left!important;}}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_b49c85-ae wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_b49c85-ae\">In the vacuum of space, precision is not a feature. It is a requirement.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column3137_8657ee-ab > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3137_8657ee-ab > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3137_8657ee-ab > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3137_8657ee-ab > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3137_8657ee-ab > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3137_8657ee-ab > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3137_8657ee-ab{text-align:left;}.kadence-column3137_8657ee-ab{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3137_8657ee-ab > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3137_8657ee-ab > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3137_8657ee-ab kb-section-dir-vertical inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-id3137_89be5e-81 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id3137_89be5e-81 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id3137_89be5e-81 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3137_89be5e-81 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3137_89be5e-81 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id3137_89be5e-81 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id3137_89be5e-81 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column3137_9e60e5-81 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3137_9e60e5-81 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3137_9e60e5-81 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3137_9e60e5-81 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3137_9e60e5-81 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3137_9e60e5-81 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3137_9e60e5-81{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3137_9e60e5-81 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3137_9e60e5-81 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3137_9e60e5-81\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e1dce7-b5, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e1dce7-b5[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_e1dce7-b5\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e1dce7-b5 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e1dce7-b5[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_e1dce7-b5\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e1dce7-b5 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e1dce7-b5[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_e1dce7-b5\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_e1dce7-b5 has--font-size wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_e1dce7-b5\">Mission-Specific Star Tracker Optical Engineering<\/h2>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_488373-05, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_488373-05[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_488373-05\"]{max-width:830px;text-align:left;font-style:normal;color:#333333;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_488373-05 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_488373-05[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_488373-05\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_488373-05 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_488373-05[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_488373-05\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_488373-05, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_488373-05[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_488373-05\"]{text-align:left!important;}}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_488373-05 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_488373-05\">For mission-specific star tracker optical design, broadband lens development, or performance-driven optical assemblies for spaceborne systems, contact our engineering team.<br><br>Astravon provides optical solutions defined not by claims, but by verified performance.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id3137_ef8293-8c > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id3137_ef8293-8c 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.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e0c7cd-23[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_e0c7cd-23\"]{text-align:center;font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e0c7cd-23 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e0c7cd-23[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_e0c7cd-23\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e0c7cd-23 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e0c7cd-23[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_e0c7cd-23\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e0c7cd-23, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_e0c7cd-23[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_e0c7cd-23\"]{line-height:40px;}}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_e0c7cd-23 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading has-theme-palette-9-color has-text-color\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_e0c7cd-23\">Partner with Astravon<\/h2>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_31a0c5-4d, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_31a0c5-4d[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_31a0c5-4d\"]{text-align:center;font-style:normal;color:#ffffff;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_31a0c5-4d mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_31a0c5-4d[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_31a0c5-4d\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_31a0c5-4d img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_31a0c5-4d[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_31a0c5-4d\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_31a0c5-4d, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3137_31a0c5-4d[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_31a0c5-4d\"]{text-align:center!important;}}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3137_31a0c5-4d wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3137_31a0c5-4d\">Astravon aims to be a trusted engineering partner for optical systems that must perform as intended, throughout their operational life.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kb-btns3137_f4b87a-e2{gap:var(--global-kb-gap-xs, 0.5rem );justify-content:center;align-items:center;}.kt-btns3137_f4b87a-e2 .kt-button{font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn kb-buttons-wrap kb-btns3137_f4b87a-e2\"><style>ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3137_59b854-3f.kb-button{width:initial;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3137_59b854-3f.kb-button{color:var(--global-palette9, #ffffff);font-size:18px;line-height:24px;border-top-left-radius:8px;border-top-right-radius:8px;border-bottom-right-radius:8px;border-bottom-left-radius:8px;}<\/style><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn3137_59b854-3f kt-btn-size-standard kt-btn-width-type-auto kb-btn-global-inherit kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-button__link wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"https:\/\/staging.astravon.com\/staging\/contact\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\">Contact 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performance&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3141,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pagelayer_contact_templates":[],"_pagelayer_content":"","_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"default","_kad_post_title":"default","_kad_post_layout":"default","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"sidebar-secondary","_kad_post_content_style":"default","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"default","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3137","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-resources"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium 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